머리말

한국과 일본은 선사시대부터 지리적으로 인접하여 활발한 교류를 이어 오며 긴밀한 관계를 형성해왔다. 그러나 오늘날에도 우리는 일본을 ‘가깝 고도 먼 나라’로 인식하고 있다. 이러한 인식의 밑바탕에는 식민지 지배의 경험이 남긴 역사적 상처가 여전히 깊게 자리하고 있기 때문일 것이다.

이러한 역사적 배경 속에서 한국의 한일관계사 연구는 오랫동안 충분히 이루어지지 못하였다. 반면 일본에서는 일제강점기부터 활발한 연구가 진 행되었지만, 그중 상당 부분은 자국의 침략을 합리화하려는 시각에서 출 발하여 사실 왜곡과 편향된 해석을 낳았다. 이에 따라 조선전기 한일관계 에 대한 객관적이고 실증적으로 규명하려는 연구의 필요성이 더욱 절실해 졌다.

대마도는 지리적으로 한일 양국의 경계에 위치하여 오랜 세월 동안 양 국 관계의 중개자 역할을 해왔다. 특히 조선전기의 대일외교는 일본의 중 앙 권력인 무로마치 막부(室町幕府)보다도 대마도(對⾺島)와의 관계를 중심 으로 전개되었다. 조선은 대마도주를 통해 일본의 통교자를 관리하며, 대 일외교를 조선 중심의 외교 질서 속에 편입시키고자 하였다. 이러한 체제 는 조선전기 한일관계의 구조를 이해하는 데 핵심적 의미를 가지며, 대마 도와의 외교관계는 조선의 대일 외교정책이 어떠한 방식으로 형성되고 운 영되었는지를 보여주는 중요한 단서가 된다.

이 책은 조선의 건국에서 임진왜란 이전까지의 시기를 대상으로, 조선 과 일본 간 외교관계를 대마도와의 교섭을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 먼저 조 선 초 대일관계의 형성에 영향을 미친 왜구(倭寇) 대책과 대마도 정벌, 그v

리고 대마도의 대조선 통교와 무역의 특징을 검토하였다. 이어서 통교왜 인에 대한 통제책과 그 제도의 의의를 분석하고, 수직제도(授職制度)와 수 도서제도(授圖書制度)의 성격과 변화를 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 조선이 대 마도에 파견한 사행(使⾏)의 종류와 역할을 정리함으로써, 조선전기 대일 외교체제가 어떻게 형성되고 유지되었는지를  종합적으로 고찰하였다.

본 연구를 통해 조선과 대마도의 외교관계가 단순한 교린(交隣) 차원을 넘어, 기미관계(羈縻關係)에 기초하고 있었음을 밝히고자 하였다. 나아가 종래 조선의 대일외교를 소극적이고 피동적인 교린외교로 이해하던 시각 에서 벗어나, 조선이 주체적이고 능동적으로 외교체제를 형성‧운영했음을 실증적으로 규명하고자 하였다. 

필자는 오랫동안 조선전기 한일관계, 특히 그 매개 역할을 담당한 한 대 마도에 깊은 관심을 가져왔다. 1996년「조선전기 대일외교정책 연구 ­ 대마 도와의 관계를 중심으로 ­」라는 제목으로 박사학위논문을 발표한 이후, 이 를 보완하여 출판하고자 하였으나 여러 사정으로 출판을 미루는 사이 어 느덧 30년의 세월이 흘렀다. 최근 손승철 교수님의 권유로 다시 용기를 내 어 출판을 결심하였으나, 여건상 논문을 전면적으로 수정·보완하지 못하고 일부 내용만 보완하는 데 그쳤음을 밝힌다.

부족한 글이지만, 이 책이 세상에 나오기까지 많은 분들의 학문적 도움 과 따뜻한 격려를 받았다. 이 자리를 빌려 모든 분들께 깊은 감사의 마음 을 전한다. 특히 어려운 여건 속에서도 정성을 다해 훌륭한 책을 만들어 주신 경인문화사 한정희 사장님과 편집진 여러분께 진심으로 감사드린다.

2025년 10월 한문종 씀

차례

⁜ 머리말

서 론 • 1

1. 연구의 목적 및 의의 ····························································· 3

2. 연구의 방법 ··········································································· 6

제1장 조선초기 왜구 대책과 대마도정벌 • 9

1. 머리말 ·················································································· 11

2. 고려 말의 왜구와 그 대책 ·················································· 12

3. 조선 초의 왜구 대책과 왜구의 변질 ··································· 18

4. 대마도정벌과 그 의의 ·························································· 25

5. 맺음말 ·················································································· 31

제2장 대마도의 대조선 통교와 무역 • 35

1. 머리말 ·················································································· 37

2. 조선전기 일본의 대조선 통교 실태 ····································· 38

3. 대마 종씨의 도내 지배권 확립 과정 ··································· 46

4. 대마도의 대조선 통교자 ······················································ 53

5. 대마도의 대조선 무역의 형태와 물품 ·································· 71

6. 맺음말 ·················································································· 79vii

제3장 대일 통교통제 정책 • 85

1. 머리말  ················································································ 87

2. 통제책의 실시 배경 ····························································· 87

3. 통제책의 내용 ······································································ 89

4 계해약조와 세견선 제한 ······················································ 103

5. 맺음말 ················································································ 114

제4장 수직왜인의 구성과 역할 • 117

1. 머리말 ················································································ 119

2. 수직제도의 실시 배경과 변천 ············································ 120

3. 수직왜인의 구성 ································································· 124

4. 수직왜인의 대우 ································································· 142

5. 수직왜인의 역할 ································································· 148

6. 맺음말 ················································································ 156

제5장 수도서왜인의 구성과 역할 • 159

1. 머리말 ················································································ 161

2. 수도서제도의 연원과 그 성격 ············································ 162

3. 수도서왜인의 지역별 분포와 특징 ····································· 165

4. 수도서제의 변화와 대마도주의 통교권 독점 ······················ 173

5. 수도서왜인의 역할 ····························································· 182

6. 맺음말 ················································································ 188viii

제6장 대마도사행의 종류와 역할 • 191

1. 머리말 ················································································ 193

2. 대일사행의 파견 실태 ························································ 194

3. 대마도사행의 종류와 파견 목적 ········································· 199

4. 대마도사행의 역할 및 의의 ··············································· 218

5. 맺음말 ················································································ 231

결 론 • 235

⁜ 별표 1.  조선전기 대일사행 일람표   248

⁜ 참고문헌   255